Research Details

Health under Heat: Assessment of Overheating in Cairo's Low-Income Housing

Ain Shams Engineering Journal - 2026

Acknowledging the growing risks of climate change and the limited evidence from the Global South on its effects on health, this study assesses the impacts of climate-induced overheating on thermal comfort and health in low-income housing. It examines correlations between construction, occupant behavior, and overheating, focusing on vulnerable groups. Ten dwellings in Al-Asmarat, a resettlement project in Cairo, were investigated. Temperatures and humidity levels were recorded during summer months, while being mapped against activities, health, and thermal comfort according to CIBSE benchmarks. Building surveys and occupants’ questionnaires were conducted. Results revealed persistent overheating, with indoor temperatures exceeding outdoor conditions by up to 3°C for 75% of the monitored period. Women and children showed greater health vulnerability. Dwelling’s location, orientation, and floor levels shaped the risk of overheating. Behavioral adaptations provided improvement but fell short of mitigating physical constraints. The findings demonstrate correlations between overheating and health outcomes for low- income populations.

Authors

AN
Dr. Ashraf Nessim
Associate Professor - Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
AE
Dr. Amr Elbanhawy
Associate Professor - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
NE
Eng. Nabila El Harraky
Teaching Assistant - Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
RB
Eng. Rania Bakry
MSc. Researcher - Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
AA
Eng. Ahmed Abdelkader
Teaching Assistant - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
VN
Ms. Vishnupriya Narayanan
Researcher - School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East London, United Kingdom
AH
Dr. Arman Hashemi
Associate Professor - School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East London, United Kingdom
MK
Prof. Marwa Khalifa
Vice Dean for Graduate Studies and Research at Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

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Key Findings

Persistent Overheating
Indoor overheating was consistently observed, demonstrating that current housing conditions expose occupants to prolonged thermal stress.
Health Impacts
Overheating negatively affected occupants' health, particularly vulnerable groups.
Building Characteristics
Orientation, floor level, and construction quality were identified as major contributors to overheating.
Occupant Behavior
Behavioural adaptations provided some relief but could not compensate for the buildings' physical limitations.
Passive Design and Housing Policy
Improving passive design and adopting climate-responsive housing policies are essential to reduce overheating, enhance thermal comfort, and protect occupant health.

Keywords

Overheating risk Thermal Comfort Low-income housing Occupant behavior Health impacts Climate change Social Housing